{"id":127,"date":"2022-08-30T10:00:26","date_gmt":"2022-08-30T15:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/demo.creativethemes.com\/blocksy\/homi\/?p=127"},"modified":"2024-06-14T20:36:57","modified_gmt":"2024-06-15T01:36:57","slug":"history-of-wind-energy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/es\/history-of-wind-energy\/","title":{"rendered":"Historia de la energ\u00eda e\u00f3lica: Desde los inicios hasta nuestros d\u00edas"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The <strong>history of wind energy<\/strong> has been shaped by the contribution of scientists and engineers who have devoted their professional lives to this renewable energy source. Thanks to them, wind turbines have developed incredibly and have become one of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"7882500388\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"the-beginnings-of-wind-energy\">The beginnings of wind energy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The first recorded windmills were vertical axis windmills used at least 3000 years ago. <strong>They were mainly used for grinding grain or pumping water, purely for mechanical purposes.<\/strong> The earliest records of horizontal axis windmills can be traced back to documents from Persian, Tibetan, and Chinese cultures around 1000 BC. Figure 1 shows a vertical axis windmill found in <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afganist%C3%A1n\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afganist%C3%A1n\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"816\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino1c.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-764\" style=\"width:647px;height:539px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino1c.webp 816w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino1c-300x250.webp 300w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino1c-768x641.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 816px) 100vw, 816px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: Vertical shaft grain milling windmill in Afghanistan.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panemone_windmill\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Panemone_windmill\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Persian windmills<\/a> were vertical axis machines with sails made of bundles of reeds or wood and are considered the oldest in the world. <strong>These mills are located in Nashtifan (Iran)<\/strong>, where wind speeds of around 30 m\/s can be recorded, and which, <strong>amazingly, are still working today. <\/strong>Despite being made of fragile materials such as clay, they have withstood the force of the wind for several centuries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"620\" height=\"465\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Nashtifan-windmill.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Nashtifan-windmill.webp 620w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Nashtifan-windmill-300x225.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 620px) 100vw, 620px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Windmills in Nashtifan. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/ecoinventos.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ecoinventos.com\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ecoinventos.com<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From Persia and the Middle East, mills reached the Mediterranean countries and Central Europe. <strong>The rapid development was influenced by the Crusades<\/strong>, which caused mills to appear in many places in Europe. The first horizontal axis mills appeared in England around 1150, in France in 1180, in Germany in 1222, and in Denmark in 1259. In the 13th century, industrialization caused the decline of windmills due to the arrival of internal combustion engines and the generalization of rural electrification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"7882500388\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another example are the windmills located in the natural region of <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Mancha\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Mancha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">La Mancha<\/a>, in central Spain. These windmills became famous thanks to the novel &#8220;The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha&#8221;, written by <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miguel_de_Cervantes\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miguel_de_Cervantes\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra<\/a> in 1605. These windmills are scattered throughout the region of La Mancha and their fame has increased over time. If you visit Spain, you should follow the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.spain.info\/es\/ruta\/don-quijote\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.spain.info\/es\/ruta\/don-quijote\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Don Quixote route<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Molino_viento-1024x683.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-766\" style=\"width:668px;height:445px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Molino_viento-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Molino_viento-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Molino_viento-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Molino_viento.webp 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3: Windmills located in La Mancha.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"start-generating-electricity\">Start generating electricity<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In 1887, American inventor <a href=\"https:\/\/ethw.org\/Charles_F._Brush\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/ethw.org\/Charles_F._Brush\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Charles Francis Brush<\/a> built the first multi-bladed 12 kW DC wind turbine, which is considered to be the first automatically operated machine to generate electricity. <strong>This wind turbine had 144 wooden blades with a rotor diameter of 17 meters<\/strong>. It was a huge wind turbine that was used to charge lead-acid batteries and had a useful life of about 20 years. Although Brush did early work in wind turbine manufacturing, he has been forgotten as the pioneer of early multi-bladed wind turbines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"567\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Charles_F._Brush.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-767\" style=\"width:373px;height:482px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Charles_F._Brush.webp 440w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Charles_F._Brush-233x300.webp 233w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 440px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4: Charles Francis Brush (1849-1929).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"491\" height=\"508\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Primera-turbina.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Primera-turbina.webp 491w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Primera-turbina-290x300.webp 290w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 491px) 100vw, 491px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 5: First wind turbine built by Charles Francis Brush.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Years later, in 1891, Danish physicist <a href=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/poul-la-cour-father-of-modern-wind-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/poul-la-cour-father-of-modern-wind-energy\/\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Poul la Cour<\/a> succeeded in improving the performance of Charles F. Brush&#8217;s wind turbine. Poul la Cour realized that reducing the number of rotor blades increased the production of electrical energy. He built the first wind turbine to produce electricity in Askov, Denmark, <strong>which is considered the forerunner of today&#8217;s wind turbines<\/strong>. He is considered the pioneer of modern wind turbines and modern aerodynamics. He built his own wind tunnel to conduct his aerodynamic tests to improve the shape of his wind turbine blades. In addition, <strong>La Cour was a teacher at the People&#8217;s High School in Askov<\/strong>, where he taught various courses for wind electricians. <strong>He founded the first Wind Energy Academy<\/strong>, which attracted a large number of students who later became professionals who helped develop wind energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"485\" height=\"514\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Poul-la-cour.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-769\" style=\"width:430px;height:456px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Poul-la-cour.webp 485w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Poul-la-cour-283x300.webp 283w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 485px) 100vw, 485px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 6: Poul la Cour (1846-1908).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"611\" height=\"423\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/aerogenerador-paul-la-cour_color.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-776\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/aerogenerador-paul-la-cour_color.webp 611w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/aerogenerador-paul-la-cour_color-300x208.webp 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 611px) 100vw, 611px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 7: Poul la Cour&#8217;s wind turbines.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"historical-wind-turbines\">Historical Wind Turbines<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Poul la Cour&#8217;s research helped Danish<\/strong> <strong>engineers<\/strong> improve the performance and technology of wind turbines during World War I and World War II. In this way, windmills helped to overcome the lack of energy caused by the wartime shortage of fossil fuels. This led to the massification of windmills for electricity generation. Figure 8 shows the distribution of La Cour wind turbines in a valley in the Netherlands.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"814\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino4c.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-773\" style=\"width:651px;height:525px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino4c.webp 1000w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino4c-300x244.webp 300w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/molino4c-768x625.webp 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 8: Poul la Cour wind turbines distributed in a valley in the Netherlands.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>From the design of Poul la Cour&#8217;s wind turbine in 1891 until 1958<\/strong>, several designs of wind turbines were produced that have remained in the history of engineering. Danish wind turbines were based on windward rotors with passive control by aerodynamic loss, as they had advanced knowledge of aerodynamics for the time. While the US wind turbines were based on variable pitch control. <strong>During this period, wind turbines had no electronic development in their system due to the incipient power electronics of the time.<\/strong> Table 1 shows the most important wind turbines between 1891 and 1958.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-wptb-table-block\"><div class=\"wptb-container-legacy\" data-table-id=\"1139\">\n    <table class=\"wptb-preview-table wptb-element-main-table_setting-1139\" data-reconstraction=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-table-tds-sum-max-width=\"1048.181819\" data-wptb-cells-width-auto-count=\"8\" data-wptb-horizontal-scroll-status=\"false\" data-wptb-extra-styles=\"LyogRW50ZXIgeW91ciBjdXN0b20gQ1NTIHJ1bGVzIGhlcmUgKi8=\" role=\"table\" data-table-columns=\"8\" data-wptb-header-background-color=\"#FFF3C1FF\"><tbody><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"background-color: rgb(255, 243, 193);\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-162\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\" class=\"\"><strong>Wind turbines<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-163\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Diameter (m)<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-164\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Swept area (m2)<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-165\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Power (kW)<\/strong><\/p><p><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-166\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Specific power (kW\/m2)<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-167\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Number of blades<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-168\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Tower height (m)<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"0\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-169\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Year<\/strong><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"--hover-bg-color:undefined;\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-170\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Poul la Cour<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-171\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Denmark  <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-172\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">23<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-173\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">408<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-174\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">0.04<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-175\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">4<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-176\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"1\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-177\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">1891<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"--hover-bg-color:undefined;\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-178\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">F.L. Smidth<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-179\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Denmark  <\/p><p style=\"text-align: center;\"><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-180\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">17<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-181\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">237<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-182\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">0.21<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-183\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">3<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-184\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">24<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"2\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-185\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">1941<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"--hover-bg-color:undefined;\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-186\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">F.L. Smidth<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-187\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Denmark <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-188\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">24<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-189\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">456<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-190\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">0.15<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-191\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">3<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-192\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">24<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"3\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-193\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">1942<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"--hover-bg-color:undefined;\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-194\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Gedser<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-195\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Denmark <\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-196\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">24<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-197\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">452<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-198\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">0.44<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-199\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">3<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-200\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">25<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"4\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-201\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">1957<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"--hover-bg-color:undefined;\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-202\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p>Smith-Putnam<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-203\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">EEUU<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-204\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">53<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-205\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">2231<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-206\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">0.56<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-207\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">2<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-208\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">34<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"5\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-209\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">1941<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><tr class=\"wptb-row\" style=\"--hover-bg-color:undefined;\"><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-210\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Hutter<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"1\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-211\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">Germany<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"2\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-212\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">34<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"3\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-213\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">908<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"4\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-214\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">0.11<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"5\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-215\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">2<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"6\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-216\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">22<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><td class=\"wptb-cell\" data-y-index=\"6\" data-x-index=\"7\" style=\"border: 1px solid rgb(209, 209, 209);\" data-wptb-css-td-auto-width=\"true\"><div class=\"wptb-text-container wptb-ph-element wptb-element-text-217\" style=\"color: rgb(74, 85, 104); font-size: 15px;\"><div class=\"\" style=\"position: relative;\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">1958<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"evolution-of-wind-turbine-size-and-technology\">Evolution of Wind Turbine Size and Technology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since 1980, <strong>the size of wind turbines has increased dramatically to reduce the price per kilowatt-hour generated<\/strong>. In this way, wind power has gradually become a competitive energy source. Advances in power electronics have had a major impact on wind power technology, making it more complex, efficient and powerful. Figure 9 shows the reference evolution of the size and development of electronics in wind turbines since 1980.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"575\" src=\"https:\/\/iienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Evolucion-de-los-aerogeneradores-1024x575.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Evolucion-de-los-aerogeneradores-1024x575.webp 1024w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Evolucion-de-los-aerogeneradores-300x168.webp 300w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Evolucion-de-los-aerogeneradores-768x431.webp 768w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Evolucion-de-los-aerogeneradores-1536x862.webp 1536w, https:\/\/ienergyplus.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/Evolucion-de-los-aerogeneradores-2048x1149.webp 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 9: Evolution of the size and technology of wind turbines.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the year 2000, the influence of power electronics in the wind energy conversion system has become more significant. This is mainly due to the use of <strong>DFIG (Doubly-Fed Induction Generator) and PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator)<\/strong> generators and the gradual abandonment of the SCIG (Squirrel Cage Induction Generator) generator. The most powerful wind turbines (greater than 5 MW) are generally for offshore installations.<strong> The tendency of wind turbines is to increase both their height and the size of their blades in order to obtain more power<\/strong>, i.e. to have fewer machines in a wind farm and to generate more power. Wind turbines with a capacity of more than 10 MW can be defined as <strong>&#8220;mega wind turbines&#8221;<\/strong>, where there is a high level of competition between manufacturers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\n     data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\n     data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"7882500388\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For example, <strong>GE Renewable Energy&#8217;s 12 MW<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ge.com\/renewableenergy\/wind-energy\/offshore-wind\/haliade-x-offshore-turbine\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.ge.com\/renewableenergy\/wind-energy\/offshore-wind\/haliade-x-offshore-turbine\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Haliade-X <\/a>wind turbine was considered the world&#8217;s most powerful offshore wind turbine, but Chinese manufacturer <strong>Mingyang Smart Energy<\/strong> announced the production of the 16 MW <a href=\"https:\/\/www.compositesworld.com\/news\/mingyang-smart-energy-launches-myse-160-242-offshore-hybrid-drive-wind-turbine\" target=\"_blank\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.compositesworld.com\/news\/mingyang-smart-energy-launches-myse-160-242-offshore-hybrid-drive-wind-turbine\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MySE 16.0-242<\/a> wind turbine, which would be the world&#8217;s largest wind turbine to date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Today&#8217;s wind turbines can perform functions that were not previously thought possible <strong>due to the development and integration of power electronics into the wind energy conversion system<\/strong>. It is incredible how wind turbines have evolved from their beginnings as simple mechanical machines for grinding grain or pumping water, through the wind turbines of Charles Brush and Poul la Cour, to today&#8217;s imposing wind machines for producing electrical energy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<script async src=\"https:\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     crossorigin=\"anonymous\"><\/script>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-format=\"autorelaxed\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3911300806559936\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"9473109180\"><\/ins>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:34px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-stackable-divider stk-block-divider stk-block stk-e10767c is-style-bar\" data-block-id=\"e10767c\"><style>.stk-e10767c hr.stk-block-divider__hr{background:#626262 !important;border-radius:calc(5px \/ 2) !important;height:5px !important;width:100% !important}<\/style><hr class=\"stk-block-divider__hr\"\/><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"references\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[1] Ackermann, T. (Ed.). (2012b).&nbsp;<em>Wind Power in Power Systems: Ackermann\/Wind Power in Power Systems<\/em>. Wiley-Blackwell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">[2] Burton, T., etc., Sharpe, D., Jenkins, N., &amp; Bossanyi, E. (2001).&nbsp;<em>Wind Energy Handbook<\/em>. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The history of wind energy has been shaped by the contribution of scientists and engineers who have devoted their professional lives to this renewable energy source. Thanks to them, wind turbines have developed incredibly and have become one of the most important sources of renewable energy in the world. 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